Volcano World

According to the Tokyo VAAC an ash plume from Bezymianny was identified in satellite images at 1350 on 5 June rising to 5.5 km (18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting E. The ash plume had dissipated by 1720.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

PVMBG reported that at 0358 on 31 May an eruption at Dempo generated a whitish ash plume that rose around 200 m above the crater rim and drifted N. The eruption lasted about 39 seconds based on seismic data. According to a news article, Dempo was closed to climbers for a week starting on 2 June. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public were reminded to stay 1 km away from the crater and as far as 2 km on the N flank.

Sources: Antara News,Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

PHIVOLCS reported that at 1851 on 3 June an explosive eruption at Kanlaon ejected incandescent material and produced a voluminous ash plume that rapidly rose 5 km above the vent and drifted W. Pyroclastic density currents generated from column collapses traveled 2-3 km down the S and SE flanks based on webcam views. The eruption was recorded by all 10 seismic stations, three infrasound stations, and webcams, and lasted six minutes based on the seismic data. Rumbling was heard in a La Castellana, La Carlota City, and Canlaon City. Coarse ashfall was reported in those same areas and additionally in Bago City. A sulfur odor was also reported in many neighborhoods in the cities of Bago, Bacolod, La Carlota, La Castellana, Murcia, and Canloan City. The Alert Level was raised to 2 (on a scale of 0-5) at 2000 and PHIVOLCS reminded the public to remain outside of the 4-km-radius Permanent Danger Zone. The eruption was preceded by a M 3.5 volcano-tectonic earthquake at 1847. The gas (sulfur dioxide) portion of the plume rose 8-17 km, reaching the upper troposphere based on satellite data. Abundant gas emissions followed the eruption and then waned by 0820 on 4 June. The emissions likely entrained ash that fell in minor amounts SW of the volcano. Sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 4,113 t/d, the highest gas flux recorded in 2024 and the second highest ever recorded at Kanlaon. According to the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC), a total of 1,888 people had evacuated to 11 evacuation shelters and a total of eight domestic flights and one international flight were cancelled. Periodic swarms of volcano-tectonic earthquakes had been recorded since March 2020 and seismicity had been above background levels during the previous month. The report noted that sulfur dioxide emissions had been variable but increasing overall since May 2023 and anomalously high during the 2024, averaging 1,273 tonnes per day (t/d); background levels averaged less than 300 t/d.

Sources: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) ,Simon Carn,The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC)

HVO reported that increased seismicity and deformation at Kilauea began at around 1200 on 2 June and likely indicated that magma was rising. Rates of seismicity and deformation increased further after 1700, prompting HVO to raise the Volcano Alert Level to Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code to Orange (the third color on a four-color scale) at 1731. Activity decreased slightly by 2230 but remained at elevated levels. About 250 earthquakes in total were located beneath the summit region, though in the previous few hours before the Alert Level change, some were located beneath the upper East Rift Zone. The largest earthquakes included a M 4 event recorded at 1907 and a M 4.1 event recorded at 2112. Most events occurred at depths of 2-3 km, though several were located slightly shallower, at a depth of about 1.5. The earthquakes were widely felt in Hawai?i Volcanoes National Park and surrounding communities and triggered many rockfalls. A new eruption began at around 0030 on 3 June from fissures located in a remote area along the Southwest Rift Zone, about 1-2 km S of the caldera and N of the Koa?e fault system and Hilina Pali Road, within Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park. At 0211 the Volcano Alert Level was raised to Warning and the Aviation Color Code was raised to Red. Incandescence from the eruption was visible in webcam images. During an overflight at 0600 volcanologists observed that four fissures had sequentially propagated from the ENE to WSW. Lava fountaining occurred along the fissure and gas plumes were drifting SW. The eruption was producing a low volume of lava; at 0827 the Volcano Alert Level and Aviation Color Code were lowered to Watch and Orange, respectively. At around 0745 sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 15,000 tonnes per day (t/d), decreased to 12,000 t/d by 1200, and likely decreased further during the afternoon. Earthquake activity in the summit region had greatly decreased with the onset of the eruption; all seismicity during 0700-1500 was concentrated near Maunaiki, at the westernmost fissure segment. Slow summit deflation had started at around 0200 and was ongoing. Lava flows were slow during 1100-1200 and had ceased moving by 1230, indicating that the eruption has ceased or paused. By 1500 volcanic tremor, a signal associated with fluid movement, continued to be recorded on summit seismometers though at a slightly decreased intensity. Gas emissions decreased and by noon on 4 June they averaged 5,500 t/d. Volcanic tremor continued to be recorded on summit seismometers, though earthquake activity and rates of ground deformation remained low in the summit region and upper rift zone areas. Incandescence from the fissures was visible overnight. The most recent eruption in that area occurred in December 1974.

Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO)

The Tokyo VAAC reported that at 1529 on 30 May an ash plume from Mayon rose to 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N based on information from PHIVOLCS. Ash was not identified in satellite images.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

IMO reported that the fissure eruption that began at 1246 on 29 May near Sundhnk, NE of Slingarfell, within the Reykanes volcanic system, continued to effuse lava during 30 May-4 June. The fissure consisted of several segments and had a total length of 3.4 km. Just before 1600 explosive activity occurred near Hagafell where magma contacted ground water, producing plumes of steam and brownish ash. Based on data collected during an aerial survey the area of new lava was about 8.7 square kilometers and the erupted volume was an estimated 24 million cubic meters by 1706. The active part of the fissure was 2.4 km long by 1910 and continued to produce lava fountains. Lava flows from the fissure segment just S of Hagafell advanced S and W; part of the S flows advanced into a fissure, traveled beneath the surface, and emerged N of the barrier located NE of Grindavk. Lava flowed over Grindavk road towards Mt. Thorbjorn and along the barriers W of Grindavk, inundating part of Nesvegur road. Activity significantly declined during 29-30 May and the ground surface in the Svartsengi area had subsided about 15 cm. Volcanic tremor stabilized and explosions were not detected since the afternoon of 29 May. IMO warned that the gas plume could impact areas downwind and had received reports of vog in several areas of the country during 29-31 May. During 30-31 May lava flows from the N end of the fissure flowed E, and flows W of Grindavk did not advance. According to a news report the effusion rate had slowed to around 50 cubic meters per second by 31 May. The lava flows minimally advanced and the flow field inflated. Areas of ponded lava were visible. Three cones had built up along the fissure and lava from two or three cones flowed SW and E during 2-3 June based on news articles. Two cones were active on 3 June and sometime during 0200-0300 on 4 June one of the cones ceased to be active. Lava advanced NW towards Slingarfell and then flowed N. An additional 4-6 cm of ground subsidence was detected at Svartsengi.

Sources: Iceland Monitor,Iceland Monitor,Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO)

GeoNet reported that no further activity at Whakaari/White Island occurred after 25 May. Typical steam-and-gas emissions were visible on webcam images from the webcam located in Whakatane during 26-31 May when weather conditions allowed for observations. Vivid white steam-and-gas emissions from numerous vents were observed during a 31 May monitoring overflight. No clear signs of emitted ash were seen in webcam images or during the overflight, though GeoNet noted that low-level ash emissions could still have occurred. Gas data collected during the overflight showed elevated levels of magmatic gases compared to observations prior to the eruptions in May. Sulfur dioxide emissions were notably at some of the highest levels since measurements began at the island in 2003. Satellite data from 27 May showed no ground deformation. There are no sensors on the island; GeoNet relies on webcams and satellite imagery, complemented with occasional gas and observation flights. The Volcanic Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second level on a four-color scale).

Source: GeoNet

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera?s Sakurajima volcano) during 27 May-3 June with nighttime crater incandescence. Sulfur dioxide emissions were high, averaging 2,000 tons per day on 30 May. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

On 30 May the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD) reported that steam-and-gas emissions from the active vents at Ambae were ongoing based on both webcam and satellite images. Seismic data also confirmed ongoing unrest. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5), and the public was warned to stay outside of the Danger Zone, defined as a 2-km radius around the active vents in Lake Voui, and away from drainages during heavy rains.

Source: Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD)

On 30 May the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geo-Hazards Department (VMGD) reported that ongoing small fumarolic steam emissions at Ambrym were coming from both Benbow and Marum craters based on both satellite and webcam images. Seismic data also confirmed ongoing unrest. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5). VMGD warned the public to stay outside of Permanent Danger Zone A, defined as a 1-km radius around Benbow Crater and a 2-km radius around Marum Crater, and to stay 500 m away from the ground cracks created by the December 2018 eruption.

Source: Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD)